Production Of Ethanol From Cassava Peels Using Zymomonas Mobilis And Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

ABSTRACT

The yield of bioethanol from cassava peels hydrolysed with Aspergillus niger and crude enzymes (amylase, cellulase and pectinase) was examined in this study. Cassava peels were pretreated by soaking and a combination of soaking and boiling which removes 67% of cyanide. After hydrolysis, Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used to ferment the hydrolysates separately at room temperature for five (5) days. The result showed that pretreatment by soaking and boiling for up to 120 minutes removed the highest amount of cyanide and increased carbohydrate but reduced the fibre content (37.04±0.01mg/g, 71.42±0.02%, and 10.38±0.42%). Hydrolysis using Aspergillus niger yielded up to 95.44±0.11mg/g reducing sugar while hydrolysis using enzymes yielded up to 72.38±0.06mg/g reducing sugar. Highest ethanol yield when the hydrolysates were fermented with Zymomonas mobilis and Sacchromyces cerevisiae were 3% and 2% respectively. Proximate composition of the fermented waste showed 6.37±0.08, 2.71±0.03, 25.49±0.01, 8.97±0.02 and 34.41±0.16% ash, fat, protein, crude fibre and carbohydrate respectively while nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the residue was 4.08±0.50, 0.40±0.28 and1.84±0.15% respectively. The work reveals that cassava peels is a suitable agricultural waste for bioethanol production and fermentation with Zymomonas mobilis yielded high ethanol compare to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The work also proved that the waste product of fermentation may be used as animal feedstock or fertilizer to enrich the soil for plant growth.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page i

Declaration ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

Table of content vi

CHAPTER ONE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 QUEST FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE 2

1.2 JUSTIFICATION 2

1.3 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM 2

1.4 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES 2

CHAPTER TWO 4

LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN AFRICA 4

2.2 CASSAVA PEELS 4

2.3 CYANIDE IN CASSAVA 5

2.4LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS 6

2.4.1 SECOND GENERATION FEEDSTOCKS 7

2.4.2 STRUCTUREOFLIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS 8

2.5 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF STARCH 12

2.6 PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 14

2.6.1 MECHANICALPRETREATMENT 16

2.6.2 PHYSICALPRETREATMENT 16

2.6.3 PHYSICOCHEMICALPRETREATMENT 17

2.6.4 CHEMICALPRETREATMENT 17

2.6.5 BIOLOGICALPRETREATMENT 18

2.7 HYDROLYSIS AND FERMENTATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 19

2.8 BIOETHANOL 20

2.8.1 GLOBAL BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION 21

2.8.2 PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ETHANOL INNIGERIA 22

2.9 MICROORGANISMS EXPLORED FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION 22

2.9.1 MICROORGANISMS OF INTEREST IN THIS RESEARCH WORK 23

2.9.2 Aspergillus niger 23

2.9.3 Zymomonas mobilis 24

2.9.4 THE METABOLIC PATHWAY OF Zymomonas mobilis 25

2.9.5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 27

2.10 MECHANISM OF YEAST FERMENTATION 28

2.10.1 INHIBITION OF ETHANOL PRODUCTIVITY IN YEAST CELLS 29

2.11 HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES 30

2.11.1 MEASUREMENT OF ENZYME ACTIVITY 31

2.11.2 AMYLASE 31

2.11.3 CELLULASE 32

2.11.4 PECTINASE 33

2.12 FERMENTED CASSAVA PEELS AS ANIMAL FOOD SUPPLEMENTS 34

CHAPTER THREE 35

MATERIALS AND METHODS 35

3.1 Collection of sample (Cassava peels) 35

3.2 Microorganisms 35

3.3 Identification of microorganisms 35

3.3.1 Aspergillus niger 35

3.3.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 35

3.4 Isolation of Zymomonas mobilis from fresh sweet Palm Wine 36

3.5 Pretreatment of Cassava peels 36

3.6 Determination of cyanide in pretreated cassava peels 36

3.7 Determination of crude fibre in pretreated cassava peels 37

3.8 Determination of Carbohydrate 37

3.9 PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES (Amylase, Cellulase, and Pectinase) 37

3.10 Assay for Cellulase activity 38

3.11Assay for pectinase activity 38

3.12 Assay for amylase activity 39

3.13 Enzyme Hydrolysis 39

3.14 Microbial Hydrolysis 39

3.15 Determination of Reducing Sugar 40

3.16 Fermentation of the Hydrolysate 40

3.17 Distillation 40

3.18 Determination of Percentage Ethanol Yield 40

3.19 PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF THE HYDROLYSATE 41

3.19.1 Total ash 41

3.19.2 Crude fat 41

3.19.3 Crude fibre 41

3.19.4 Crude Protein 42

3.20 Determination of Phosphorus in the Waste after fermentation 42

3.21 Determination of Nitrogen in the Waste after fermentation 42

3.22 Determination of potassium 43

3.23 Analysis of data 43

CHAPTER FOUR 44

4.1 Result 44

4.2 Discussion of result 52

CHAPTER FIVE 56

CONCLUSION 56

RECOMMENDATION 56

REFERENCE 57

APPENDIX 77

LIST OF TABLES

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(2016, 08). Production Of Ethanol From Cassava Peels Using Zymomonas Mobilis And Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.. ProjectStoc.com. Retrieved 08, 2016, from https://projectstoc.com/read/7950/production-of-ethanol-from-cassava-peels-using-zymomonas-mobilis-and-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-1680

"Production Of Ethanol From Cassava Peels Using Zymomonas Mobilis And Saccharomyces Cerevisiae." ProjectStoc.com. 08 2016. 2016. 08 2016 <https://projectstoc.com/read/7950/production-of-ethanol-from-cassava-peels-using-zymomonas-mobilis-and-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-1680>.

"Production Of Ethanol From Cassava Peels Using Zymomonas Mobilis And Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.." ProjectStoc.com. ProjectStoc.com, 08 2016. Web. 08 2016. <https://projectstoc.com/read/7950/production-of-ethanol-from-cassava-peels-using-zymomonas-mobilis-and-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-1680>.

"Production Of Ethanol From Cassava Peels Using Zymomonas Mobilis And Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.." ProjectStoc.com. 08, 2016. Accessed 08, 2016. https://projectstoc.com/read/7950/production-of-ethanol-from-cassava-peels-using-zymomonas-mobilis-and-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-1680.

Production Of Ethanol From Cassava Peels Using Zymomonas Mobilis And Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

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