ABSTRACT
The current trend in the scientific and energy sector world over focused on finding new source of friendly energy. The driving force behind these quests is the hope of finding and developing readily available and environmentally friendly source of energy that will supplement the current conventional energy sources (fossil fuels). This study, therefore is an attempt to investigate the viability of sourcing bioethanol from a readily available Neem (Azadirachta indica), that is found growing all over northern Nigeria. The dried, powdered leaves of Neem (Azadirachta indica) were hydrolyzed using different concentrations of H2SO4, and levels of inoculum (Bacillus firmus). The hydrolyzed samples were fermented using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and cultured bacteria (Bacillus firmus) respectively. The quantity of ethanol generated after distillation was determined using U.V Spectroscopy. The amount of ethanol produced from powdered leaves using 10%, 5% and 2% H2S04 and 2.0ml, 1.5ml, 1.0ml of inoculum (Bacillus firmus) levels were 3.30%, 6.52%, 5.34% and 1.72%, 1.85%, 1.42% respectively. The bioethanol generated was subjected to FTIR Spectroscopy. These samples showed strong broad peak at 3450cm-1 - 2850cm3, indicating the presence of exchangeable protons, a typical characteristics of aliphatic alcohol. This showed that the Neem tree leaves, made of lignocellulose materials, contain some appreciable percentage of sugar that can be fermented to produce ethanol.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
DEDICATION
CERTIFICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLE
LIST PLATES
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Literature Review
History of Ethanol
Properties of Ethanol
Applications of Ethanol
Fuel Properties
Ethanol Energy Balance
Neem (Azadirachta indica) (A. Juss)
Ligno-celluloses
Cellulose
Hemicelluloses
Lignin
Bio-ethanol Production
Hydrolysis
Baker’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Bacterial isolates (Bacillus firmus)
Bio-ethanol Combustion
Aim and Objectives
Scope
Justification of the study
CHAPTER TWO : MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Apparatus/glassware and reagent
Preparation of Reagents
Potassium Dichromate Solution (0.1M)
Preparation of Dinitrosalicylic acid DNS Reagent
Sodium Hydroxide Solution (1%)
Tetraoxosulphate (vi) Acid (10%)
Tetraoxosulphate (vi) Acid (5%)
Tetraoxosulphate (vi) Acid (2%)
Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (3%)
Preparation of Nutrient Agar (NA)
Methods
Collection of sand sample for isolation of Bacteria
Isolation of Bacillus species from the decayed Sands
Characterizing of Bacterial Isolates
Biochemical Characterization
Preparation of Bacillus firmus Suspension
Determination of Inoculum size
Neem leaves Sample collection
Sample Pretreatment
Proximate Analysis
Determination of Ash content
Determination of Moisture content
Determination of Crude Protein
Determination of Crude Fibre
Determination of Crude Lipid
Determination of Carbohydrate Content
Hydrolysis
Chemical Hydrolysis
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Determination of Reducing Sugar
Fermentation
Distillation
Qualitative Test for Ethanol
Determination of Ethanol Concentration
FTIR Spectroscopy
CHAPTER THREE : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Characterization of samples
Reducing Sugar
Bioethanol Produced
DISCUSSION
Proximate analysis
Reducing Sugar
Bioethanol Produced
FTIR Spectroscopy
CHAPTER FOUR : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
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CITE THIS WORK
(2016, 08). Assessment Of Potential Of Neem Leaves (azadirachta Indica) As A Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae And Bacillus Firmus As Fermenting Agents.. ProjectStoc.com. Retrieved 08, 2016, from https://projectstoc.com/read/7948/assessment-of-potential-of-neem-leaves-azadirachta-indica-as-a-raw-material-for-bioethanol-production-using-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-bacillus-firmus-as-fermenting-agents-1265
"Assessment Of Potential Of Neem Leaves (azadirachta Indica) As A Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae And Bacillus Firmus As Fermenting Agents." ProjectStoc.com. 08 2016. 2016. 08 2016 <https://projectstoc.com/read/7948/assessment-of-potential-of-neem-leaves-azadirachta-indica-as-a-raw-material-for-bioethanol-production-using-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-bacillus-firmus-as-fermenting-agents-1265>.
"Assessment Of Potential Of Neem Leaves (azadirachta Indica) As A Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae And Bacillus Firmus As Fermenting Agents.." ProjectStoc.com. ProjectStoc.com, 08 2016. Web. 08 2016. <https://projectstoc.com/read/7948/assessment-of-potential-of-neem-leaves-azadirachta-indica-as-a-raw-material-for-bioethanol-production-using-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-bacillus-firmus-as-fermenting-agents-1265>.
"Assessment Of Potential Of Neem Leaves (azadirachta Indica) As A Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae And Bacillus Firmus As Fermenting Agents.." ProjectStoc.com. 08, 2016. Accessed 08, 2016. https://projectstoc.com/read/7948/assessment-of-potential-of-neem-leaves-azadirachta-indica-as-a-raw-material-for-bioethanol-production-using-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-bacillus-firmus-as-fermenting-agents-1265.
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