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Assessment Of Potential Of Neem Leaves (azadirachta Indica) As A Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae And Bacillus Firmus As Fermenting Agents

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ABSTRACT 
The current trend in the scientific and energy sector world over focused on finding new source of friendly energy. The driving force behind these quests is the hope of finding and developing readily available and environmentally friendly source of energy that will supplement the current conventional energy sources (fossil fuels). This study, therefore is an attempt to investigate the viability of sourcing bioethanol from a readily available Neem (Azadirachta indica), that is found growing all over northern Nigeria. The dried, powdered leaves of Neem (Azadirachta indica) were hydrolyzed using different concentrations of H2SO4, and levels of inoculum (Bacillus firmus). The hydrolyzed samples were fermented using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and cultured bacteria (Bacillus firmus) respectively. The quantity of ethanol generated after distillation was determined using U.V Spectroscopy. The amount of ethanol produced from powdered leaves using 10%, 5% and 2% H2S04 and 2.0ml, 1.5ml, 1.0ml of inoculum (Bacillus firmus) levels were 3.30%, 6.52%, 5.34% and 1.72%, 1.85%, 1.42% respectively. The bioethanol generated was subjected to FTIR Spectroscopy. These samples showed strong broad peak at 3450cm-1 - 2850cm3, indicating the presence of exchangeable protons, a typical characteristics of aliphatic alcohol. This showed that the Neem tree leaves, made of lignocellulose materials, contain some appreciable percentage of sugar that can be fermented to produce ethanol.  
  
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
TITLE PAGE
DEDICATION 
CERTIFICATION 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
LIST OF TABLE
LIST PLATES
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
 Introduction 
Literature Review 
History of Ethanol
Properties of Ethanol 
Applications of Ethanol
Fuel Properties 
Ethanol Energy Balance 
Neem (Azadirachta indica) (A. Juss) 
Ligno-celluloses
Cellulose 
Hemicelluloses 
Lignin 
Bio-ethanol Production 
Hydrolysis
Baker’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Bacterial isolates (Bacillus firmus)
Bio-ethanol Combustion 
Aim and Objectives 
Scope 
Justification of the study

CHAPTER TWO : MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Materials
Apparatus/glassware and reagent 
Preparation of Reagents 
Potassium Dichromate Solution (0.1M) 
Preparation of Dinitrosalicylic acid DNS Reagent 
Sodium Hydroxide Solution (1%) 
Tetraoxosulphate (vi) Acid (10%)
Tetraoxosulphate (vi) Acid (5%) 
Tetraoxosulphate (vi) Acid (2%) 
Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (3%)
Preparation of Nutrient Agar (NA)
Methods 
Collection of sand sample for isolation of Bacteria
Isolation of Bacillus species from the decayed Sands
Characterizing of Bacterial Isolates 
Biochemical Characterization
Preparation of Bacillus firmus Suspension 
Determination of Inoculum size
Neem leaves Sample collection
Sample Pretreatment 
Proximate Analysis 
Determination of Ash content
Determination of Moisture content
Determination of Crude Protein 
Determination of Crude Fibre 
Determination of Crude Lipid 
Determination of Carbohydrate Content 
Hydrolysis
Chemical Hydrolysis 
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Determination of Reducing Sugar
Fermentation 
Distillation  
Qualitative Test for Ethanol 
Determination of Ethanol Concentration 
FTIR Spectroscopy


CHAPTER THREE : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Results 
Characterization of samples 
Reducing Sugar 
Bioethanol Produced 
DISCUSSION 
Proximate analysis
Reducing Sugar
Bioethanol Produced 
 FTIR Spectroscopy 


CHAPTER FOUR : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion 
Recommendations 
REFERENCES
APPENDICES   

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(2016, 08). Assessment Of Potential Of Neem Leaves (azadirachta Indica) As A Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae And Bacillus Firmus As Fermenting Agents.. ProjectStoc.com. Retrieved 08, 2016, from https://projectstoc.com/read/7948/assessment-of-potential-of-neem-leaves-azadirachta-indica-as-a-raw-material-for-bioethanol-production-using-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-bacillus-firmus-as-fermenting-agents-1265
"Assessment Of Potential Of Neem Leaves (azadirachta Indica) As A Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae And Bacillus Firmus As Fermenting Agents." ProjectStoc.com. 08 2016. 2016. 08 2016 <https://projectstoc.com/read/7948/assessment-of-potential-of-neem-leaves-azadirachta-indica-as-a-raw-material-for-bioethanol-production-using-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-bacillus-firmus-as-fermenting-agents-1265>.
"Assessment Of Potential Of Neem Leaves (azadirachta Indica) As A Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae And Bacillus Firmus As Fermenting Agents.." ProjectStoc.com. ProjectStoc.com, 08 2016. Web. 08 2016. <https://projectstoc.com/read/7948/assessment-of-potential-of-neem-leaves-azadirachta-indica-as-a-raw-material-for-bioethanol-production-using-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-bacillus-firmus-as-fermenting-agents-1265>.
"Assessment Of Potential Of Neem Leaves (azadirachta Indica) As A Raw Material For Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae And Bacillus Firmus As Fermenting Agents.." ProjectStoc.com. 08, 2016. Accessed 08, 2016. https://projectstoc.com/read/7948/assessment-of-potential-of-neem-leaves-azadirachta-indica-as-a-raw-material-for-bioethanol-production-using-saccharomyces-cerevisiae-and-bacillus-firmus-as-fermenting-agents-1265.