Abstract
Medical diagnosis in low-resource settings is confronted by the lack of suitable guidelines, protocols and checklists. Online-accessible procedural documents are difficult to find, might be mistranslated or interpreted and usually do not address the needs of developing countries. Urinalysis, one of the most frequently performed diagnostic examinations worldwide, involves a series of tests aiming to detect particular disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes. In this guideline, we present an alternative approach for clinical laboratories with limited resources to identify common bacterial uropathogens. We propose dividing the identification plan into two levels. The implicated pathogen will first be assigned into a bacterial group, basic identification, against which a suitable panel of antimicrobial agents shall be selected for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Characterization of the pathogen to the genus or species level, advanced identification, will then be performed to ensure correct reading of the AST results and determine the epidemiology of clinically significant pathogens. Most of the proposed steps in our guideline are tailored to meet the needs of clinical laboratories in low-resource settings. Such guidelines are needed to strengthen the capacity of regional pathology laboratories and to enhance international initiatives on antimicrobial resistance and health equity
Table of Content
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of content iv
List of tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
Aims/ objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review 4
Urinary tract
infection(UTI) 4
History 4
Classification/types 4
Sign and symptons 4
Causes of UTI 5
Sex 6
Urinary cathers 6
Others 7
Microorganisms found in
urine and their etiology 7
Bacteria 7
Viruses 8
Fungi 9
Protozoa 9
Entry of bacteria into
the urinary tract 9
Routes of bacteria
infection 10
Symptoms of uti 10
Diagnosis 11
Treatment 11
Aims in the treatment of UTI 12
Future strategies in the treatment of bacteria/utis 12
Prevention and control 13
Antimicrobial resistance 13
Mechanism of drug resistance 14
Drug inactivating enzyme 14
Alteration in the target molecule 14
Decrease uptake of the drugs 15
Increased elimination of the drugs 15
Condition influencing the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs 15
CHAPTER THREE
Area of Study 18
Population of Study 18
Materials and Reagents 18
Collection of Sample 18
Sterilization of Materials 19
Macroscopic Examination 19
Serial Dilution 19
Pour Plate Technique 20
Isolation and Identification of Isolates 20
Standard Identification Procedure 20
Identification of Test Organisms 21
Gram Staining 21
Biochemical Test 22
Motility Test 22
Catalase Test 22
Citrate Test 23
Coagulase Test 23
Oxidase Test 24
Urease Test 25
Indole Test 25
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 25
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Result 27
4.2 Discussion 31
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion 32
Recommendation 32
References 33
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE 1 sex distribution of abnormal cells microscopically
Table 2 sensitivity pattern of gram negative bacterial isolates related to urinay
Table 3 cultural characteristics and biochemical analysis gram negative bacterial
Table 4 zone of inhibition of gram negative bacteria(mm)
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(2021, 10). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Nagative Bacteria Isolated From Urine.. ProjectStoc.com. Retrieved 10, 2021, from https://projectstoc.com/read/8705/antimicrobial-susceptibility-pattern-of-nagative-bacteria-isolated-from-urine-6971
"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Nagative Bacteria Isolated From Urine." ProjectStoc.com. 10 2021. 2021. 10 2021 <https://projectstoc.com/read/8705/antimicrobial-susceptibility-pattern-of-nagative-bacteria-isolated-from-urine-6971>.
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"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Nagative Bacteria Isolated From Urine.." ProjectStoc.com. 10, 2021. Accessed 10, 2021. https://projectstoc.com/read/8705/antimicrobial-susceptibility-pattern-of-nagative-bacteria-isolated-from-urine-6971.
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