1.0 Introduction
Aspergillus species are ubiquitous opportunistic moulds that cause both allergic and invasive syndromes. The genus comprises approximately 180 species, of which 33 have been associated with human disease. Most infections are caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus niger (Lee J.Y., et al. 2001). Less commonly, Aspergillus nidulans can be implicated as the causative pathogen, especially in the setting of chronic granulomatous disease. It has emerged as an important cause of life-threatening infections in immune-compromised patients and is a group of molds that can pose pathogenic problems. It grows in decaying vegetation, including marijuana. Decay occurs as result of harvested green plant material not being adequately dried.
In the case of marijuana, when placed in plastic bagsthere is potential for fungus development. Hence, residual moisture in the marijuana encourages bacterial growth, which in turn facilitates the growth of molds.
Current knowledge indicates that “this fungus” can thrive at elevated temperatures. It tends to be abundant in damp, decaying vegetation heated by bacterial fermentation. As the temperature rises, other micro-organisms cease to grow, but Aspergilla will flourish under these conditions and can almost become a pure culture.” (Arizona Department of Public Safety Bulletin) Only a few of these molds can cause disease in humans.
While Aspergillus is considered opportunistic fungi, most people are naturally immune and do not develop Aspergillus related disease, Aspergillosis. The severity of Aspergillosis is related to various factors including the state of an individual’s immune system or the presence of a predisposed condition. Thus, persons with compromised immune systems are at greater risk of infection. Most initial infections are as result of inhalation of spores and involve the respiratory system. When the disease does occur, it takes several forms.Aspergillosis can range from sinusitis conditions to pulmonary infections as severe as pneumonia. Allergic aspergillosis typically becomes chronic. Continued colonization of the spores in the body may result in the continuation of a chronic condition or can become invasive. (Aspergillosis by Dr. Michael)
1.1 Routes of spreading Aspergillus
Transmission by air is the commonest route. Aspergillus fungus produces millions of tiny, invisible spores small enough to be inhaled and start to settle and grow inside the airspaces of the lungs. Some people with large areas of wounds or burns on the skin may acquire the infection by airborne contamination.