Refining Of Palm Kernel Oil

Chapter One
1.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - -1
1.2 Background Of The Study - - - - - - -1
1.3 Statement Of Problem - - - - - - -4
1.4 Aims/Objective of the Study - - - - - -4
1.5 Scope of the Study - - - - - - - -5

Chapter Two
2.0 Literature Review - - - - - - - -6
2.1 Vegetable Oils - - - - - - - - -8
2.1.1 Classification of Fats and Oils - - - - - -9
2.1.2 Characteristics of oil Classes Lauric Acid Group - 10
2.1.3. Uses of Vegetable Oil - - - - - - 12
2.2.1 Hydraulic or Mechanical Press Extraction - - 13
2.2.2 Solvent Extraction / Leaching: - - - - - 15
2.2.3 Factors Affecting the Rate Of Leaching - - - - 17
2.4 Methods Of Refining Of Crude Palm Kernel Oil - - 19
2.4.1 Chemical / Alkali Refining- - - - - - 19
2.4.2 Physical Refining - - - - - - - 20
2.4.3 Aim Of Refining - - - - - - - - 21
2.5 Origin Of Oil Palm (Palm kernel Oil) - - - - 22
2.5.1 Palm Oil Processing Unit Operations - - - - 25
2.5.2 Kernel Recovery - - - - - - - 26
2.5.3 Principles Of Preservation - - - - - - 27
2.6 Methods Of Treatment - Crude Palm Kernel Oil - - - 28
2.6.1 Degumming Treatment - - - - - - 28
2.6.2 Bleaching Treatment - - - - - - - 29
2.6.3. Deodorizing Treatment - - - - - - 31
2.7 Fractionation Of Palm Kernel Oil - - - - - 33
2.7.1 Dry Fractionation - - - - - - - 34
2.7.2 Detergent Fractionation - - - - - - 35
2.7.3 Solvent Fractionation - - - - - - - 35
2.7.4 Palm Kernel Oil Fractionated Products - - - - 36

Chapter Three
3.0 Methodology - - - - - - - - 38
3.1 Research design - - - - - - - - 38
3.2 Research setting - - - - - - - - 38
3.3 Instrument for data collection - - - - - 39
3.3.1. Material - - - - - - - - - 39
3.3.2 Equipments - - - - - - - - 39
3.3.3 Reagents - - - - - - - - - 40
3.3.4 Preparation of Reagents - - - - - - 40
3.4 Refining Procedure - - - - - - - 41
3.4.1 C.P.K.O and Distilled Water - - - - - - 41
3.4.2 C.P.K.O and Phosphoric acid - - - - - 41
3.4.3 C.P.K.O and NaOH (caustic soda) - - - - - 41
3.4.4 N.P.K.O and Distilled Water - - - - - - 42
3.5 Characterization of P.K.O - - - - - - 42
3.5.1 Physical Characterization - - - - - - 42
3.5.2 Chemical Characterization - - - - - - 43

Chapter Four
4.0 Results and Discussion - - - - - - 46
4.1 Results - - - - - - - - - 46
4.4 Analysis Table - - - - - - - - 48
4.5 Discussion of Results - - - - - - - 50

Chapter Five
5.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 52
5.2 Recommendation - - - - - - - 52
References - - - - - - - - 55
Appendixes - - - - - - - - 56