ABSTRACT.
In order to access the prevalence and sensitivity pattern of urinary pathogens, 60 midstream urine samples from students of Caritas University were investigated using cultural methods. Samples were examined microscopically and cultured in blood agar and Macckonkey agar. Disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic testing. Of the 60 urine samples 48 yielded significant growth with a prevalence rate of 80%. It was observed that females were more infected than the males with a prevalence rate of 56.70% and 43.30% respectively under the ages of 18-25yrs. Escherichia coli was the most predominant. The isolates were very sensitive to Gentamycin, Nitrofurantoin and Ofloxacin which were the (most sensitive) and the most resistant were Tetracycline, Cortrimozol, Cephalexin and Ampicillin. Therefore, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamycin, Ofloxacin were strongly recommended for the treatment of UTI as indicated in the study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Tables of contents
List of tables
In order to access the prevalence and sensitivity pattern of urinary pathogens, 60 midstream urine samples from students of Caritas University were investigated using cultural methods. Samples were examined microscopically and cultured in blood agar and Macckonkey agar. Disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic testing. Of the 60 urine samples 48 yielded significant growth with a prevalence rate of 80%. It was observed that females were more infected than the males with a prevalence rate of 56.70% and 43.30% respectively under the ages of 18-25yrs. Escherichia coli was the most predominant. The isolates were very sensitive to Gentamycin, Nitrofurantoin and Ofloxacin which were the (most sensitive) and the most resistant were Tetracycline, Cortrimozol, Cephalexin and Ampicillin. Therefore, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamycin, Ofloxacin were strongly recommended for the treatment of UTI as indicated in the study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Tables of contents
List of tables
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Aims and objectives of the study--------------------------------- 3
1.0 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Aims and objectives of the study--------------------------------- 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review-----------------------------------------------------4
2.1 Microorganisms found in urine and their etiology--------------4
2.1.1 Bacteria--------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.1.2 Viruses----------------------------------------------------------------5
2.1.3 Fungi-------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.1.4 Protozoa--------------------------------------------------------------6
2.2.1 Entry of bacteria into the urinary tract----------------------------7
2.2.2 Routes of bacteria infection-----------------------------------------7
2.2.3 Symptoms of UTI----------------------------------------------------8
2.2.4 Diagnosis--------------------------------------------------------------9
2.2.5 Treatment-------------------------------------------------------------10
2.2.5.1 Aims of treatment of UTI------------------------------------------10
2.2.5.2 Future strategies in treatment of bacteria/UTI-------------------11
2.2.6 Prevention and control----------------------------------------------12
2.3.0 Antimicrobial resistance--------------------------------------------12
2.3.1 Mechanisms of drug resistance------------------------------------14
2.3.1.1 Drug- inactivating enzyme------------------------------------------14
2.3.1.2 Alteration in the target molecule-----------------------------------14
2.3.1.3 Decrease uptake of the drugs---------------------------------------14
2.3.1.4 Increased elimination of the drugs---------------------------------15
2.3.2 Conditions influencing the effectiveness of drugs--------------15
2.3.2.1 Population size----------------------------------------------------- 16
2.3.2.2 Population composition--------------------------------------------16
2.3.2.3 Concentration and intensity of antimicrobial agent------------- 16
2.3.2.4 Duration of exposure------------------------------------------------17
2.3.2.5 Temperature----------------------------------------------------------17
2.3.3 Actions of antimicrobial drugs-------------------------------------17
2.3.3.1 Inhibition of cell synthesis----------------------------- -----------17
2.3.3.2 Inhibition of cell membrane-------------------------------------- 18
2.3.3.3 Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis----------------------------- 18
2.3.3.4 Inhibition of essential metabolites-------------------------------18
2.0 Literature review-----------------------------------------------------4
2.1 Microorganisms found in urine and their etiology--------------4
2.1.1 Bacteria--------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.1.2 Viruses----------------------------------------------------------------5
2.1.3 Fungi-------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.1.4 Protozoa--------------------------------------------------------------6
2.2.1 Entry of bacteria into the urinary tract----------------------------7
2.2.2 Routes of bacteria infection-----------------------------------------7
2.2.3 Symptoms of UTI----------------------------------------------------8
2.2.4 Diagnosis--------------------------------------------------------------9
2.2.5 Treatment-------------------------------------------------------------10
2.2.5.1 Aims of treatment of UTI------------------------------------------10
2.2.5.2 Future strategies in treatment of bacteria/UTI-------------------11
2.2.6 Prevention and control----------------------------------------------12
2.3.0 Antimicrobial resistance--------------------------------------------12
2.3.1 Mechanisms of drug resistance------------------------------------14
2.3.1.1 Drug- inactivating enzyme------------------------------------------14
2.3.1.2 Alteration in the target molecule-----------------------------------14
2.3.1.3 Decrease uptake of the drugs---------------------------------------14
2.3.1.4 Increased elimination of the drugs---------------------------------15
2.3.2 Conditions influencing the effectiveness of drugs--------------15
2.3.2.1 Population size----------------------------------------------------- 16
2.3.2.2 Population composition--------------------------------------------16
2.3.2.3 Concentration and intensity of antimicrobial agent------------- 16
2.3.2.4 Duration of exposure------------------------------------------------17
2.3.2.5 Temperature----------------------------------------------------------17
2.3.3 Actions of antimicrobial drugs-------------------------------------17
2.3.3.1 Inhibition of cell synthesis----------------------------- -----------17
2.3.3.2 Inhibition of cell membrane-------------------------------------- 18
2.3.3.3 Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis----------------------------- 18
2.3.3.4 Inhibition of essential metabolites-------------------------------18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods-------------------------------------------- 19
3.1 Sample collection ------------------------------------------------- 19
3.1.2 Antimicrobial susceptibility test----------------------------------20
3.1.3 Urinalysis test--------------------------------------------------------21
3.2 Gram staining-------------------------------------------------------- 21
3.3 Biochemical test-----------------------------------------------------22
3.3.1 Catalase test---------------------------------------------------------- 22
3.3.2 Coagulase test-------------------------------------------------------- 23
3.3.3 Motility test---------------------------------------------------------- 23
3.3.4 Methyl test----------------------------------------------------------- 24
3.3.5 Urease test------------------------------------------------------------ 25
3.3.6 Indole test------------------------------------------------------------ 25
3.3.7 Citrate utilization test----------------------------------------------- 26
3.0 Materials and methods-------------------------------------------- 19
3.1 Sample collection ------------------------------------------------- 19
3.1.2 Antimicrobial susceptibility test----------------------------------20
3.1.3 Urinalysis test--------------------------------------------------------21
3.2 Gram staining-------------------------------------------------------- 21
3.3 Biochemical test-----------------------------------------------------22
3.3.1 Catalase test---------------------------------------------------------- 22
3.3.2 Coagulase test-------------------------------------------------------- 23
3.3.3 Motility test---------------------------------------------------------- 23
3.3.4 Methyl test----------------------------------------------------------- 24
3.3.5 Urease test------------------------------------------------------------ 25
3.3.6 Indole test------------------------------------------------------------ 25
3.3.7 Citrate utilization test----------------------------------------------- 26
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27
4.0 Result ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion------------------------------------------------------------ 31
5.2 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------- 32
5.3 Recommendation----------------------------------------------------33
References
Appendix I
Appendix II
5.1 Discussion------------------------------------------------------------ 31
5.2 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------- 32
5.3 Recommendation----------------------------------------------------33
References
Appendix I
Appendix II
Disclaimer: Note this academic material is intended as a guide for your academic research work. Do not copy word for word. Note: For Computer or Programming related works, some works might not contain source codes
CITE THIS WORK
(2016, 02). Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine Of Caritas University Students.. ProjectStoc.com. Retrieved 02, 2016, from https://projectstoc.com/read/7386/prevalence-and-antimicrobial-susceptibility-of-gram-negative-bacteria-in-the-urine-of-caritas-university-students-7871
"Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine Of Caritas University Students." ProjectStoc.com. 02 2016. 2016. 02 2016 <https://projectstoc.com/read/7386/prevalence-and-antimicrobial-susceptibility-of-gram-negative-bacteria-in-the-urine-of-caritas-university-students-7871>.
"Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine Of Caritas University Students.." ProjectStoc.com. ProjectStoc.com, 02 2016. Web. 02 2016. <https://projectstoc.com/read/7386/prevalence-and-antimicrobial-susceptibility-of-gram-negative-bacteria-in-the-urine-of-caritas-university-students-7871>.
"Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine Of Caritas University Students.." ProjectStoc.com. 02, 2016. Accessed 02, 2016. https://projectstoc.com/read/7386/prevalence-and-antimicrobial-susceptibility-of-gram-negative-bacteria-in-the-urine-of-caritas-university-students-7871.
- Related Works
- The Role Of Nitric Oxide In The Immune System
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Of Nagative Bacteria Isolated From Urine
- The Prevalence Of Urinary Schistosomiasis Among People Living In Emene
- Antimicrobial Properties Of Ear Wax On Clinical Isolates
- The Effect Of Pesticides Dichlorodiphenyl Trichloroeyhane (d.d.y) And Benzene Hexachroride (bhc) On The Microflora Of The Three Types Of Soil.
- Escherichia Coli O157;h7
- Comparative Study On Antimicrobial Activity Of Medicated Soaps And Plant Extracts Used To Make Soaps
- Newcastle Disease Virus Antibodies Among Birds Reared In Anyigba Kogi State
- Isolation Of Escherichia Coli From Domestic Tanker Water Supplies In Enugu City
- The Use Of Microbes As Biofertilizers