Prevalence And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Gram Negative Bacteria In The Urine Of Caritas University Students

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 Aims and objectives of the study--------------------------------- 3

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review-----------------------------------------------------4
2.1 Microorganisms found in urine and their etiology--------------4
2.1.1 Bacteria--------------------------------------------------------------- 4
2.1.2 Viruses----------------------------------------------------------------5
2.1.3 Fungi-------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.1.4 Protozoa--------------------------------------------------------------6
2.2.1 Entry of bacteria into the urinary tract----------------------------7
2.2.2 Routes of bacteria infection-----------------------------------------7
2.2.3 Symptoms of UTI----------------------------------------------------8
2.2.4 Diagnosis--------------------------------------------------------------9
2.2.5 Treatment-------------------------------------------------------------10
2.2.5.1 Aims of treatment of UTI------------------------------------------10
2.2.5.2 Future strategies in treatment of bacteria/UTI-------------------11
2.2.6 Prevention and control----------------------------------------------12
2.3.0 Antimicrobial resistance--------------------------------------------12
2.3.1 Mechanisms of drug resistance------------------------------------14
2.3.1.1 Drug- inactivating enzyme------------------------------------------14
2.3.1.2 Alteration in the target molecule-----------------------------------14
2.3.1.3 Decrease uptake of the drugs---------------------------------------14
2.3.1.4 Increased elimination of the drugs---------------------------------15
2.3.2 Conditions influencing the effectiveness of drugs--------------15
2.3.2.1 Population size----------------------------------------------------- 16
2.3.2.2 Population composition--------------------------------------------16
2.3.2.3 Concentration and intensity of antimicrobial agent------------- 16
2.3.2.4 Duration of exposure------------------------------------------------17
2.3.2.5 Temperature----------------------------------------------------------17
2.3.3 Actions of antimicrobial drugs-------------------------------------17
2.3.3.1 Inhibition of cell synthesis----------------------------- -----------17
2.3.3.2 Inhibition of cell membrane-------------------------------------- 18
2.3.3.3 Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis----------------------------- 18
2.3.3.4 Inhibition of essential metabolites-------------------------------18

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods-------------------------------------------- 19
3.1 Sample collection ------------------------------------------------- 19
3.1.2 Antimicrobial susceptibility test----------------------------------20
3.1.3 Urinalysis test--------------------------------------------------------21
3.2 Gram staining-------------------------------------------------------- 21
3.3 Biochemical test-----------------------------------------------------22
3.3.1 Catalase test---------------------------------------------------------- 22
3.3.2 Coagulase test-------------------------------------------------------- 23
3.3.3 Motility test---------------------------------------------------------- 23
3.3.4 Methyl test----------------------------------------------------------- 24
3.3.5 Urease test------------------------------------------------------------ 25
3.3.6 Indole test------------------------------------------------------------ 25
3.3.7 Citrate utilization test----------------------------------------------- 26

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion------------------------------------------------------------ 31
5.2 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------- 32
5.3 Recommendation----------------------------------------------------33
References
Appendix I
Appendix II