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Category: Guides & How Tos

Guides on Writing Academic Research Work, Project Writing Guides, How to Write Research Work, Seminar Writing Tips, Interview, application tips

  • Tips For Writing A Research Term Paper

    Here are lists some of the stages involved in writing a research paper.
    Although this list suggests that there is a simple, linear process to writing such a paper, the actual process of writing a research paper is often a messy and recursive one, so please use this outline as a flexible guide.

    1. Discovering, Narrowing, and Focusing a Researchable Topic
    2. Finding, Selecting, and Reading Sources
    3. Grouping, Sequencing, and Documenting Information
    4. Writing an Outline and a Prospectus for Yourself
    5. Writing the Introduction
    6. Writing the Body
    7. Writing the Conclusion
    8. Revising the Final Draft

    Discovering, Narrowing, and Focusing a Researchable Topic:

    • Try to find a topic that truly interests you
    • Try writing your way to a topic
    • Talk with your course instructor and classmates about your topic
    • Pose your topic as a question to be answered or a problem to be solved

     

    Finding, Selecting, and Reading Sources
    You will need to look at the following types of sources:

    • library catalog, periodical indexes, bibliographies, suggestions from your instructor
    • primary vs. secondary sources
    • journals, books, other documents

     

    Grouping, Sequencing, and Documenting Information
    The following systems will help keep you organized:

    • a system for noting sources on bibliography cards
    • a system for organizing material according to its relative importance
    • a system for taking notes

     

    Writing an Outline and a Prospectus for Yourself
    Consider the following questions:

    • What is the topic?
    • Why is it significant?
    • What background material is relevant?
    • What is my thesis or purpose statement?
    • What organizational plan will best support my purpose?

     

    Writing the Introduction
    In the introduction you will need to do the following things:

    • present relevant background or contextual material
    • define terms or concepts when necessary
    • explain the focus of the paper and your specific purpose
    • reveal your plan of organization

     

    Writing the Body

    • Use your outline and prospectus as flexible guides
    • Build your essay around points you want to make (i.e., don’t let your sources organize your paper)
    • Integrate your sources into your discussion
    • Summarize, analyze, explain, and evaluate published work rather than merely reporting it
    • Move up and down the “ladder of abstraction” from generalization to varying levels of detail back to generalization

     

    Writing the Conclusion

    • If the argument or point of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize the argument for your reader.
    • If prior to your conclusion you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the end of your paper to add your points up, to explain their significance.
    • Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration that returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction.
    • Perhaps suggest what about this topic needs further research.

     

    Revising the Final Draft

    • Check overall organization: logical flow of introduction, coherence and depth of discussion in body, effectiveness of conclusion.
    • Paragraph level concerns: topic sentences, sequence of ideas within paragraphs, use of details to support generalizations, summary sentences where necessary, use of transitions within and between paragraphs.
    • Sentence level concerns: sentence structure, word choices, punctuation, spelling.
    • Documentation: consistent use of one system, citation of all material not considered common knowledge, appropriate use of endnotes or footnotes, accuracy of list of works cited.

     

    Source: Writing.wisc.edu

  • Steps to Writing a Research Paper

    Writing a research paper can be a challenge. Not only do you have to come up with shockingly clever ideas, you also have to figure out what the so-called experts think, and learn to format your paper correctly. When you finish, you’ll be surprised at what you’ve learned. But, start early; it may take more time than you realize.
    STEPS:

    • Decide on a topic. If it hasn’t been assigned to you, try to think of something original. Choosing something that actually interests you will make the process a lot less painful. Also, make sure that you will be able to find books and articles about your topic.
    • Find all of the information that you can about your topic. Check the book and article database at the library, search the internet, and check out encyclopedias and other reference books.
    • Skim through your materials to find the good stuff. Unless you have a few years to kill, you’re not going to want to read everything. Instead, put a bookmark on all the important pages and write down any quotes you want to use in your paper.
    • Write your thesis statement. This is one sentence that gives the main point of the entire paper. Make sure that it says something meaningful about the topic that can be proven.
    • Write your paper. Every paragraph should prove your thesis statement. Now is the time to use that time-consuming research. Put quotes in whenever they prove your point and make sure to cite your sources.
    • Format and proofread your essay. Check with your teacher to find out what format your paper should be in (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.) and consult a guide to learn the specifics of that format. Be sure that you have all required elements including a works cited page, bibliography, or footnotes. Before turning it in, check that paper over at least three times.

    TIPS:

    • Stick to the topic of your paper.
    • Reading your paper out loud or having a friend check it can help you find easy to miss mistakes.

    WARNINGS:

    • Watch out for poor quality references. Most teachers frown upon quotes from thrown-together personal websites (complete with corny music and mouse trailers) used as scholarly references.
    • Don’t plagiarize. Failing to cite their sources or purposefully using someone else’s material has gotten many a student kicked out of school.

     

    Source: ocw.usu.edu

  • How To Write A Good Abstract For Your Project Work

    Writing an abstract in an important phase in the research process; hence in-order to make good grades with your research project and impress your readers, one must be familiar with the techniques of writing a good, concise and standard abstract.
    Before I discourse on how to write a good abstract, let’s talk a bit about an abstract. What is it? An abstract in simple terms is a summary of a research project, thesis. Dissertation, research journal etc. abstracts are usually seen at the beginning of research paper.
    In-order to write good and standard abstract, students must first know how abstracts should be structured and things to avoid when writing one. This article torches on all of these.

    STRUCTURE OF A STANDARD ABSTRACT
    Most well written abstracts by outstanding researchers all over the world are structured as follows:

    1. Overview of the study/Background
    2. Methods
    3. Results or Findings
    4. Recommendations and Conclusion
    5. Now let us discourse these sections one after the other.

    OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
    This is usually the first part of an abstract. It depicts the central focus of the study. When writing an abstract, students should know the central idea behind their study. This section is very important as it tells readers whether to continue reading or not. In essence when giving an overview of your study, you should make it concise and interesting enough to encourage readers to read your whole work. Students must ensure readers easily get a clue of what the research objectives are as well as problems motivating the researcher to pick up interest in the study.

    METHODOLOGY
    Methodology employed by the researcher constitutes the second part of an abstract. With a semi-paragraph or a sentence, state your research methods. This is where you briefly let readers know your data collection methods, research instruments employed, sample size and so on. To some extent depending on your institution’s research project format, you can state how the research instruments were validated and distributed (i.e. was it face-to-face distribution? or through email?).

    RESULTS
    The third section of an abstract is a brief summary of your key findings or results. Findings or important results recorded in the study must be briefly stated in the abstract.

    RECOMMENDATIONS/CONCLUSION
    The last section of most abstracts tells readers recommendations or suggestions made by the researcher. This section is the most important section in an abstract as it brings out the essence of research which is solving identified problems, developing better ways of doing things and adding to the body of knowledge.

    THINGS TO AVOID WHEN WRITING AN ABSTRACT
    In-order to present a good abstract for academic award(s), the following should be observed by the researcher:

    Avoid Ambiguous Words and Complex Grammar
    Remember an abstract is like a tip of the iceberg. Complex and ambiguous words/sentences may discourage readers from reading the full content of your research. Using keywords at the end of an abstract may help in letting your readers know the central theme or idea of the study.

    Do not Loose Focus
    When writing an abstract, just go straight to the point. Do not beat around the bush. Definition of terms, long stories that are not interesting may make your abstract too lengthy and boring…..leave all definitions and stories for your introduction.

    Avoid Lengthy Abstracts
    Abstracts are meant to be brief and concise. Avoid writing numerous pages and calling it ‘Abstract’. An ideal abstract should be on a single page. However, if you wish to write more, seek the advice of your supervisor first.

    Avoid Writing Abstracts When you have not completed your Study
    This particular point one is of great interest to me. I see students writing abstracts before completing their research studies, and it gets me wondering a lot. How did they get findings and recommendations before data analysis and interpretation? Or is there any such thing as pre and post abstracts? An abstract is meant to be a summary of your entire work; hence it should be after you have conducted your study.

     

    Source: ResearchClue.com

  • How to Build Your Career Network While in School

    Find complete, well written academic project works, seminars and papers. Start Searching Here

    Many career counsellors and experts believe networking is the single most effective method of increasing your potential for a fast career growth.

    Networking isn’t restricted to meeting strangers; it’s also strongly inclusive of engaging with the people you already know and learning what you can from them. It is focused on having a purpose for your interaction with others regarding career growth issues.

    If you want to network your way to a great career here are some salient points you should note;

    1. Networking Doesn’t Mean Meeting People and Asking Them for a Job

    If you ever think networking means telling everybody you meet that you need a job you’ll definitely piss off so many people. It is rather an ongoing process of relationship building that may open up job opportunities for you. To make networking work for you you first have to be of value to the person you are meeting. An influential contact you have will not hesitate to recommend you for a job if she is convinced that you possess the right qualities.

    2. Attend the Right Events, Workshops and Conferences

    While you may do some useful networking online nothing beats the old tested way of building relationships with others via face to face interactions. Where possible try to attend industry events where you are likely to meet people who will encourage you, build you up and give you access to useful career information.

    3. Reach out to new contacts to introduce yourself and ask them if they have time to talk with you about their career path

    4. Ask for advice. Don’t ask for a job. They will know you are looking and if they can and want to help in this way, they will.

    5. Ask if they know anyone else you can contact

    6. Follow up. Follow their advice. Send a thank you letter. Keep in touch

    source: as.cornell.edu

  • Guide: How To Order For A Project Work (Assignment, Term Paper, Thesis)

    Guide: How To Order For A Project Work (Assignment, Term Paper, Thesis)

    I want to use this opportunity to write on how you can order for a project work (Assignment, Term Paper, Thesis) through our website easily. This method has been available since our new launched website, but some clients find it difficult to use this.

    How to order for a project, seminar or assignment.

    Step 1. Go to Main Website and Log-in your details or Register if you don’t have an account yet.

    Step 2. On your dashboard click on Place Writing Request on the right-side of the page.

    Step 3. Enter your project topic, type, description, sample of work, project field/area, minimum/maximum number of pages, duration time and then Submit.

     

    How to order for a project, seminar or assignment (Use this method if you can’t access the web).

    Step 1.  Send your project topic and details to 08137814886, then wait for our reply.

    Step 2. You can call our line/phone above from 8:00 am -7:00 pm

     

    Search and Get Thousands of Project Topics and Materials

  • How to Pay/Download a Project Material

    Projectstoc is the best academic research platform online, Search for Academic work just got easier here.

    Search projects, essays, seminars, assignments etc. Let our experts write your projects and seminars for you, Get Professional help. All these and more we offer you at the lowest and affordable price ever.

    Did you browse a topic and wants to pay for the whole material? here are the simple things you need to do.

    1, click on the topic you want to download, wait for seconds to load then click on View Details. Above is the price of the material

    2, You will be redirected to a page that shows you a detail of the material and a table o content, at the top right of the side bar click on Order & Download Work.

    3, On the next page you will see three circles that shows the method of payments, click on your preferred and proceed.

    For ATM Card Payments:

    • †  ATM from Nigerian Banks
    • †  Pay any time any day 24/7
    • †  Our Payment system is secure
    • †  After Payment You will Download instantly
    • †  Verve/Visa/Mastercard accepted
    For Payments Through Bank:
    • †  Pay into our Bank Account
    •  †  Pay through Online Banking
    •  †  Await confirmation of payment
    •  †  Standard and secure
    •  †  Download Work in 24-48 hrs  after payment

    Payment Procedure Through Bank
    Pay into or Make Online transfer into any of the account below using the reference

    Bank: Guaranty Trust Bank Plc
    Account Name: Pejas Solutions Limited
    Account Number: 0106165518

    OR

    Bank: First Bank Plc
    Account Name: Pejas Solutions Limited
    Account Number: 2018286472

    Reference code: xxxxxxxxxx
    (Make sure you copy and send the reference code with your name to 08137814886, each material has its own generated ref code and its 10 digits)

    Note: you will get an SMS notification with download link when your payment is confirmed. You won’t be able to download until payment confirmation.

     

    Ask questions if you don’t get it right and we shall attend to you immediately.

  • How to Source Content and Materials for Your Project Work

    In writing your school project work or dissertation depending on the topic the most difficult thing could be getting valuable content and materials to help you write the body of your work.

    Some of the content you may need to get or source for your project work will depend on the research questions, the nature of the project work (is it field research or theoritical?) and so on. If the project topic involves doing a case study then you will also be faced with getting access to the particular entity to be used as case study.

    How Can You Search and Source Useful Content for Your Project Work

    Internet Search Engines
    Google and a host of other search engines are available to help you search and gather relevant bits of information for your research topic. To get the best out of your research via search engines first break down what you intend searching for into manageable phrases or subheadings. This will help make your search more targeted and turn up more relevant results for your work.

    Online Journals
    There are several journals in specialised fields where current and relevant findings and information are regularly published. The snag here is that most of the quality online journals do not come feely accessible as you may have to pay monthly subscription fees to have access to the backlog of information they publish. However depending on your need a month’s subscription will generally be enough to get you the information you need to complete your work and more.

    Libraries
    Libraries in the country are fast becoming warehouses for old books, magazines and little of new content. However if you look hard enough you could still find a library near you useful enough to help with your research work.

    We feel that sooner than later libraries will go online as more and more current and instant information can easily be indexed and found online. Depending on your work the offline libraries could still make some contribution to your project work

    Research Portals

    Projectstoc is aiming to be the first online research portal dedicated to bringing all the student needs for effective academic research work in one place. While there are obviously very little examples of online research portals you can use Projectstoc to search for relevant academic documents that can aid your research work.

    Search relevant project topics & materials on Projectstoc. Click Here to Start

  • How to Write an Essay: Basics of Essay Writing for Nigerian Students

    An essay generally is a piece of writing done from a writer’s perspectives and opinion along with various bits of research information. Essays come in various forms as there are some in form of literary criticism, observations, arguments, investigative research, reflections etc.

    Essays come in structured form while focusing on a single topic of discussion.

    Aldous Huxley, a leading essayist stated that essays exist within a three-poled frame of reference;

    – The personal and the autobiographical: The essayists that feel most comfortable in this pole “write fragments of reflective autobiography and look at the world through the keyhole of anecdote and description”.
    – The objective, the factual, and the concrete-particular: The essayists that write from this pole “do not speak directly of themselves, but turn their attention outward to some literary or scientific or political theme. Their art consists on setting forth, passing judgement upon, and drawing general conclusions from the relevant data”.
    – The abstract-universal: In this pole “we find those essayists who do their work in the world of high abstractions”, who are never personal and who seldom mention the particular facts of experience.

    The word ‘essay’ derives from the French word ‘essayer’ which means ‘to try’ Thus writing good essays is a product of trying your hands with initial attempts. Generally the more you read and write the better you become.

    How to Write Good Essays

    Here are several tips to help you master the art of essay writing

    1. Research: Before ever writing an essay on any topic you will do well to conduct an effective research on the topic. Using the internet, offline libraries and consulting relevant journals are some of the ways you can quickly get vital information regarding the topic you are to write on.

    2. Outline: As you gather ideas and pieces of information on what you intend writing about it is good you equally begin to note these ideas and sketch an outline of the shape your essay will take. While your outline may not be cast in stone it will be a helpful guide to helping you structure your essay when you finally start writing. An outline sketch of your essay will involve the introduction, body and conclusion. The body will be subdivided into major paragraphs each highlighting a seperate aspect of the work.

    3. Conclusion: Depending on the nature of your essay this is where you outline the summary of what you are to write about and note the end point and call to action (if any).

    4. Writing Your Essay: Keep it Simple
    Some of the best writers are those who know how to convey information in a powerful yet simplistic manner. No need putting in big words and crafting extra long sentences that end up not conveying clear lucid meaning to your reader(s).

    5. Citation/Reference: Depending on the requirements you can use any of the generally accepted styles for citing references such as the MLA style

    6. Edit: Writing the essay is certainly not the end of it. You want to be sure you do not have too much noticeable errors, punctuation and grammar-wise. So going over your essay two or three times will help you get to know if there are areas that should be corrected or totally removed.

    It also will help if you have a senior colleague or friend that will help you critic the essay and make notes on areas of improvement.

    Knowing how to write a good essay helps even outside the school environment and in your work life as you will regularly (depending on your work) have to create little pieces of writing; memos, letters, notes etc where you will find your essay writing skills handy.

    You can check out our main site for Essays, Projects and Seminars to guide in your academic work

  • How to Write an Excellent Academic Project Work

    How to Write an Excellent Academic Project Work

    After several years trying to fulfill requirements, pass grades to obtain a degree or higher diploma you would have to write a final year academic project work or dissertation. This proves a very tough task for many final year students depending on the type of project or dissertation topic chosen.

    While requirements for writing a good project work might differ based on your school the basics and fundamentals are always the same. Writing a successful project entails adhering to several key ingredients which are examined below

    The Sketch

    You have a topic to work on but before doing copious amounts of research and writing you have to invest a couple of hours in developing a good Table of Content which will act as a Sketch or Framework for your academic project writing. For some students you might have standard guides used by your school or issued by the project supervisor. For some others it may be your responsibility as the student to produce an acceptable table of content.

    This means either way you have to decide the subheadings of your Table of Content. Being clear on what goes into Chapter 1, 2 and 3 makes the actual writing and compilation easier.

    Study Extensively and Gather Relevant Materials on Your Topic

    To write a good project, you have to do some studying on the topic. After reading up, you have to do some thinking then start putting down your thoughts. You have to present the topic in a new light by bringing out new thoughts and developments. Your project report should present research facts and your own assessment of these facts.

    Writing Your Project Work

    The Abstract and Introduction

    When you have collated several data and information from various sources you are now in a position to start writing your abstract. A good abstract and introduction to the topic should contain concise summary of your project which includes the purpose, major findings and conclusion. Your purpose of embarking on the research work should be clearly explained along with what objectives the project hopes to achieve.

    The Body of Your Work

    The main body of your project work will consist of chapters; Literature Review, Research Design/Methodology, Data Collection and Analysis, Major Findings, Conclusion. The actual structure of these chapters can differ from school to school. When you draft your table of content your supervisor is likely to make small changes in the structure before you proceed

    If your project work is research based and having to deal with a hypothesis you will have to come up with a good questionnaire, research questions. Your research design could be either quantitative or qualitative or a combination of the two methods.

    Conclusion

    Readability is very important in university project writing. Let your writing be clear, straight to the point and easily readable. Use short sentences and short paragraphs. Use simple grammar and obey punctuation rules.

    Need Professional Researchers to Handle Your Academic Work? Submit Your Topic Here

  • Tips to Creating Quality Questionnaires for Your Research Work (Projects, Seminars, Thesis)

    For an academic research project that is based on field work (that is conducting surveys and getting feedback from a group or demography of people) it is imperative to have the right questionnaire developed.

    If the researcher is looking to test and quantify hypotheses and the data is to be analysed statistically, a formal standardised questionnaire is designed. Such questionnaires are generally characterised by:

    · prescribed wording and order of questions, to ensure that each respondent receives the same stimuli
    · prescribed definitions or explanations for each question, to ensure interviewers handle questions consistently and can answer respondents’ requests for clarification if they occur
    · prescribed response format, to enable rapid completion of the questionnaire during the interviewing process.
    (more…)